Christianity vs Islam in the Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Christianity versus Islam in the Middle Ages - Essay Example In any case, it was, present day history specialists concur, a unique series of hundreds of years when from the remnants of the Roman Empire new powers developed, to be specific Islam-managed conditions of al-Andalus in Spain in the West, the Ottoman Empire in the East and between them the new force places of Christendom, where campaigns started. It was not just a skirmish of religions, yet a conflict of civic establishments to command the known world (barring China and India). In this fight present day Europe was conceived, both as far as forceful â€Å"crusader† disposition and teacher approach of absorbing different societies. Also, even such an advanced term like â€Å"cold war† first showed up in Spain in the XIII century to stamp the challenges two societies attempting to exist together are facing2. The Islam and the Christianity, in an odd way, figured out how to at the same time exist together and to fight uninterruptedly on the European scene for over eight centuries. These two civic establishments were â€Å"caught up in a circumstance where old social and social examples had been broken and new ones were forming†3. Between 636, when the Battle of Yarmouk occurred, and 1453, when Constantinople fell, the head city of a previously guillotined Byzantine Empire, Europe’s history was ruled by steady competition among Islam and Christendom, whose â€Å"attitudes to Islam had been intensified of numbness, misperception, threatening vibe and fear†4. Then again, during the time spent battling for control Islam and Christianity unavoidably obtained from one another, while continually profaning the universe of â€Å"the other†. The biggest church building of the Byzantine Empire, â€Å"St. Sophia†, was changed to a mosque by the Turks, while numerous mosques in Spain were changed to places of worship during and after the Reconquista. Students of history concur that this battle started in 636 when the armed forces of Byzantium confronted those of the Rashidun Caliphate in the Battle of Yarmouk and were vanquished. This huge

Free Trade Zones in UAE and Economic Development Research Paper

Facilitated commerce Zones in UAE and Economic Development - Research Paper Example These zones are extremely favorable to brokers and producers in different businesses, since there are less obstructions to exchange these zones than in regions that are not facilitated commerce zones. The primary Free Trade Zone was set up in a little rustic town in Ireland to decrease the pace of joblessness in the town, to use the air terminal that was for the most part being underutilized in the town, just as to produce income for the Irish government (Brzuzy and Lind, 2007). This was in the mid twentieth century, and from that point forward because of its monster achievement, a lot more FTZ’s have sprung up all through the world, for the most part in creating nations. One of the fundamental points of building up FTZ’s was to make business openings, particularly for local people in the region around the FTZ’s and furthermore to create pay for governments. Toward this end, the work rules overseeing the FTZ’s are somewhat not quite the same as those admin istering those organizations that don't fall under FTZ. Right off the bat, enterprises working in the FTZ’s normally debilitate their representatives from joining or framing worker's guilds. Laborers who attempt to do so are typically compromised with excusals or conclusion of the organizations, henceforth loss of employments (Perman et al., 2004). FTZ’s are likewise normally excluded from most countries’ business laws, for the most part utilizing the laws set out by the International Labor Organization, ILO. Most FTZ’s likewise underline that a greater part of the laborers during the zones be residents of the host nation. Nonetheless, special cases are made if there isn't sufficient neighborhood work to be utilized by businesses in the zone or if there is a need to import individuals with specific abilities that are required by the organizations. Besides, most enterprises in the FTZ’s utilize laborers on short agreement premise of among one and at most 5 years. Be that as it may, most countries’ enactments necessitate that these organizations give advantages, for example, clinical plans to their laborers notwithstanding their agreement status. One of the most lively FTZ’s on the planet is the Dubai Media City free zone. As the name recommends, this FTZ is situated in the city of Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East. The zone was set up in 2001 and is found a couple of miles from the Dubai International Airport, which fills in as the primary framework for the dealers that visit the zone (BBC News, 2009). As the name proposes, Dubai Media City is a free zone set up mind the media as its primary exchange. In the zone, there are a few media hoses, both nearby and global which carry on their business. The primary media exercises in the zone incorporate Music, Public Relations, Broadcasting, Publishing, Advertising, Marketing Consultancy, News Agency, Production and Post-creation, Research among othe r media-related exercises. Situated in more than 30,000 square meters of land, the DMC has advantageous foundation unmatched in numerous zones attempting to arrive at its status. A few favorable circumstances have been experienced by the UAE due to the DMC. The first and most clear is the expansion in income from the zone; the DMC contributes a generous add up to the country’s economy. The DMC has advanced the improvement of foundation in Dubai. There has been a convergence of media houses from everywhere

Some F Words

Some F Words Lately I’ve struggled to blog, due to being in the middle (!!!) of the semester where things get hard, and some additional unfortunate events. So today, instead of diving deep into what I’ve been doing all this time, I thought I’d just dwell on some words I’d been thinking about lately (which I found mostly began with ‘F’) (thanks for clicking on my click bait-y title lol) Feminine What does it mean to be a woman? This is a question I don’t think I thought about too hard when I was younger, but I found myself facing more often in college, as I found myself facing more questions about identity in general in college. This year, I’m living in an all-female house (the Delta Phi Epsilon house!!!) across the bridge, and I’m starting to apply for jobs and work in tech and do those things that make you realize your own identity, its advantages and disadvantages, a little bit more When I was a kid, I considered being “girly” a bad thingwho wanted to be a girly girl??? Not me! I was rough and tough and tomboyish and never wore dresses. My mom, the most important female figure in my life and still (even being at MIT!) the smartest person I know, would have me help her take apart computers, and in our free time, we would cook dumplings or jiuniang. I never really saw my mother, who was the one to fix all the things in the house (from computers to faucets to appliances), but also the primary cook, as stereotypically feminine either. But either way, I always avoided things that were girly or pink, because I always wanted to be seen as smart and I didn’t think “girly girls” were smart. When I grew up a little I started to feel the effects of not being stereotypically feminine, which in most cases was simply deemed ugly. In my middle school and high school this was coupled with a lot of blatant racism. I have thought of myself as many things growing up, but not one of them had ever been beautiful. Like the Aesop fable where the fox convinces himself that the grapes must be sour, I convinced myself that putting time or effort into appearance was for people who weren’t smart, for people that were “girly girls”. I supported the advancement of women, but not the advancement of femininity, and I would later realize the flaw in that line of thinking. Though I still worry that wearing a dress to an interview or to work will make me seem too feminine to be a mechanical engineer, I’ve grown into embracing my own girl-ness a little more Fenty For at least a week or two I had been sleeping on the decision to purchase Fenty Beauty products, in part because over the summer I really got into skincare and thought it might be interesting to experiment (yes, me, a twenty one year old adult, experimenting) with cosmetics. It’s not that I haven’t used cosmetics before (in fact, I wear make-up periodically for special events or occasions) but I never really did the deep dive with the youtube video tutorials, etc. etc. (until I finally did treat myself some Fenty this weekend, lol) Cosmetics represent the height of femininity to me, the height of girly-girl-ness, and that’s in part why I don’t wear it so often (well also because my mom told me it would ruin my skin). But I also saw, through the response to Fenty, how it’s simply another product, which women (and men) have been using for centuries, that can also have social energy channelled through it. Rihanna’s Fenty Beauty collection has a remarkable number of foundations40 different shades (for reference, MAC has only 19 or so). That release went viralthere have been waves and waves of women and men supporting it, saying that other brands should do that more. The release of a cosmetic line sparked a conversation about colorism, diversity, and the social responsibility of corporations. Consumer pressure can change the market, and after Fenty, a lot of consumers began pressuring. And I didn’t see this as frivolous or unimportantquite the opposite. One of the things I realized while working on the Muti Water Project is that, sadly, as many wells as I could possibly build in a lifetime would not be enough to serve the whole region of Kafa, and worse, even the ones I could build would still eventually fail. This is a problem that I could not “brute force” my way through, that I could not simply engineer solutions to. Instead, water problems are systemicthey stem from lack of good governance, global financial crises, historic discrimination, effects of colonialism, trade agreements, politics, income inequalityeven the Civil Engineering researcher I worked with said, “my job is 20% engineering and 80% politics”. In short: the humanities are important! Everything (well, almost) is important, and some of them might surprise you. There are (unfortunately) some in STEM fields, even at MIT, who write off humanities subjects or studies outside of their own as unneccessary, but that couldnt be further from the truth. What I’m trying to tell you is, we need Rainer Weiss, and Bill Gates, and Rihanna, and Senator Elizabeth Warren, because all these people and all the things they do are all important. Finding Meaning As I said, in college, I’m constantly wondering what things really meanwhat does it mean to be a woman, what does it mean to be mixed, what does it mean to be an engineer? I made the decision this fall to take 2.75: Medical Device Design instead of 2.009: Product Design which is the big capstone class for mechanical engineering. Both are excellent courses, but I found myself gravitating toward a subject that had more inherent meaningin 2.009, your team comes up with a product idea or problem to solve. In 2.75, clinicians and doctors in the Boston area come to you with problems in medicine they want to solve. I’ve realized that I want my future work to be meaningful. That means different things for different people, but I think for me, it means working in positions where I feel like I can have a direct impact on humanity. Photos (doesn’t begin with F, but sounds like it) The patio of the DPhiE house! I put up the warning sign (which I found somewhere lol) Something funny I saw in the Harvard Yenching Library (Im taking a Chinese class there!) My roommates excellent jacket (also, part of my room)   Post Tagged #2.009 #2.75 Medical Device Design #DPhiE #Muti Water Project #photography

The Physics Of Magnetic Field - 867 Words

When a wire with current flowing through it, is placed in a magnetic field a force is placed on the wire: this is the motor principle and this is the principle behind the loud speaker. Hello, My name is Michael Trevorrow and you will be learning about the loud speaker and electromagnetism. But first, if you want to understand the loud speaker you have to understand electromagnetism. Well electromagnetism is simply ‘the phenomenon of the interaction of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields’. This will become clearer later. All right the loud speaker we all know what they look like, but we don’t know how they work. When things shake or vibrate, they produce a sound. If a coil is wrapped around a magnet, the coil now becomes an†¦show more content†¦The formula for a solenoid is B=u0nl, where n is the number of coils and I is the current. Being able to show the strength, will show the loudness because the current flow alters the frequency and altering the current flow will make the solenoid field larger. Coils and changing direction A conductor, copper, is tightly wrapped around a magnet to make a magnetic field. But how does this create sound? The coil has a current flowing through it the coil moves and the polar orientation reverses. When this is reversed it allows the magnetic forces between the coil and this allows the coil to move up and down the magnet, which creates sound. The magnetic field can be increased by putting more coils around the magnetic which leads to larger sound. Current Current is the driving force which causes the diaphragm acceleration. Current is a flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement of electrically charged particles. In simple terms current is the flow of electricity throughout the coil. Current is how we can change the frequency or sound pitch of the speaker, by altering voltage it will change the current. Now we know what happens inside a speaker, lets have a look at the magnets involved. Electromagnet (coil Electromagnets An electro magnet is a type of magnet in which a magnetic field is created by a current, in our case of the

African Americans During The Civil War - 1434 Words

Many African-Americans faced huge struggles years after the civil war. Their journey for racial equality began during the Reconstruction Era. The Civil War gave slaves freedom, a new set of huge challenges were put into play in the South. Under President Andrew Johnson, there were many new southern state legislatures that passed â€Å"black codes† to control most of the labor and behavior of the former slaves. Outrage in the North over these restrictive codes destroyed support for presidential reconstruction. There are many events, influential leaders, and court cases that created change in the sixties for African-Americans The United States officially ended slavery with the thirteenth amendment, which also abolished slavery. While free in post-civil war south, African-Americans were not treated any differently than when they were slaves. There was a variety of proposals that could grant freed African-Americans compensation. During the century following the end to slavery, African-Americans faced many barriers to political, social, and economic equality. In the south, so much animosity existed that confederate states had to divide into military districts. Free African-Americans were still subjugated by â€Å"Jim Crow Laws† which enforced racial segregation and placed African-American citizens to inferior schools and other public services. White Southerners moved quickly to take away the African-American people s newfound freedom. They wanted to return blacks to their prewar statusShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans During The Civil War1211 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the Civil War, the United Stat es underwent a period of reconstruction. From the time of 1877 to 1890, the US economy grew exponentially, wealthy business owners like Rockefeller and Vanderbilt built American cities and railroads, and immigrants from all over the world flooded into the country. However, during this period America also faced great amount of poverty, terrible working conditions, mass political corruptions, and a destruction of civil rights for African Americans, women, and immigrantsRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War844 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, the African American race has greatly evolved from having a lack of individual freedom to having their own sense of individuality. There have been many different events in America that has played some part in the evolution of the black race. After the Civil War, most of the races in America were seen to have separate freedom, but as the years progress African Americans were one of the many to stand up and obtain their individualit y. In the process of obtaining individual freedomRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1423 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans were a very important addition to the American Civil War such as fighting and spying for both the north and the south sides. The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States between the North and South states. The war was from 1861-1865 and was because the South wanted to establish itself as a separate nation. The northern states were called the Union and the southern states were called the Confederate. Between the north and south states were the Border States, whichRead MoreAfrican American During The Civil War1235 Words   |  5 Pages African Americans Suffered During the Civil War Allison Wessels English 11- Period 5 Mrs. Blomme March 11, 2016 African American Suffered During the Civil War Outline: Thesis Statement: African American soldiers fighting in the Civil War. Introduction Introduce main points State thesis statement History of slavery Life of an African American slave Treatment Living conditions Work responsibilities African American soldiers Treatment of African American soldiers vs.Read MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1170 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1865, when the civil war ended in America and slavery was abolished, the African American population in the South faced many challenges related to their new found freedom. Following the post-Civil War Reconstruction period, white supremacy resurfaced in the South (AE Television, 2015). Beginning in the early 1900s through 1970 there was a mass exodus of African American s from the South to the North in America. Although some African American s were known to have moved from the South as earlyRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War995 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore the Civil War, so it was a constant battle between African Americans and Whites. Antebellum time period focus on the differences between people in the south and the north. People who wanted slavery to continue, because it was profitable and people who wanted it to end. More simply, whites in the sou th did not want slavery to end, because it was a business that allowed them to make money off of other people s labor. While people in the north were more open to allow African Americans have moreRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesamong young African American men with little schooling. Radical changes in crime control and sentencing polices led to an unprecedented buildup of the United States prison population over the last thirty years. African Americans comprise a disproportionate percentage of the individuals imprisoned in State correctional institutions across the United States. . There are 5 main reasons as to why African Americans repeatedly go to prison. These reasons are racial discrimination, the war on drugs, trafficRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War2079 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican Americans in the Civil War Everyday, people wake up and take it for granted. Just the simple and small things in life, people don’t seem to really appreciate. They tend to be ungrateful for the things that have been basically given to them. Many people of today do not realize the severity of how hard it was to get to this point in history. African Americans have had to face very strenuous times in order to make this world a better place. African Americans faced difficult times during theRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay2121 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Civil War, dividing the North and the South over the issues of slavery. In the end of the Civil War, many individuals with every sense of positive intentions gave opportunities and support to freed slaves developing into beneficial members for the nation. The United States came together as a nation to solve the issues of slavery, freedom, and the reorganization problems particular to African Americans. It is seen throughout our history a ll efforts to solve these issues but sadly African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Soldiers During The Civil War902 Words   |  4 PagesMcCurry English 10 10 April 2015 African American Soldiers African-Americans served in the Civil War on both the Union and Confederate sides. In the Union Army, over 179,000 African American men served in over 160 units. More served with both the Union and Confederate units. This includes both northern free African Americans and runaway slaves from the South who enlisted to fight. By 1865, the South allowed slaves to enlist, but very few actually did. During the Civil War, blacks were treated like trash

Case Study Advanced Proffesional Development Education Essay Free Essays

string(246) " increased duty widen your calling way or entree new functions 2 \) Colleague Phase In this instance personal have to make or keep or develop his/her ego on foundation of proficient footing, self-dependent, growing in professional cognition etc\." Introduction: ~ In this assignment, we learn or build personal and professional accomplishments in order to run into both personal and administration to develop ends. To make the professional ends, each and every 1 must hold to such sort of believing thought on 4 i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Advanced Proffesional Development Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now from entry phase to advisor phase. Every personal can hold to knowledge about their accomplishments through specific acquisition or understanding manner system. In order to develop our concern or turn up in market each and every person required personal accomplishment or specific cognition, for this a personal must hold to cognize about personal accomplishment audit. On the footing of public presentation on each and every one personale they purely develop a class system which is give to the them on the public presentation of executing the undertaking depend on this they must hold to give high degree to low degree of class which one write down in the study. Everyone can development program of personal and do his or her life traveling to easy. By this manner single acquire a path on his or her bearer and motivates to follow his/her personal program. 1.1a ) Explore the methods to make personal and professional accomplishments for both organizational and ain ends and aims. Personal accomplishments: Personal accomplishments to develop appropriate cognition or understanding through solutions or develop personal accomplishments. Personal accomplishments are develop in the manner of work experience, acquisition, avocations, utilizing new go outing engineering, invention, societal or other sort of life experience in the instance to run into his or her personal and organisation end. This can be travel for creativeness alteration. By developing the personal accomplishments they might be develop or advance new things and advanced designed methods. Like this such sort of extraordinary accomplishments are most for the calling end of an person. Depends on the single assorted engaged in new direction methods and open up proficient or commercial as good international accomplishments. On the research base of some of the basic personal accomplishments need to be develop single are: A ) Communication accomplishments Each and every one have to develop a communicating accomplishments like basic things reading, talking authorship and listening utilizing assorted sort of communications plans or engineering like newspapers, wireless, telecasting. Besides through such sort of non-verbal techniques like assorted books of different writers or any other survey books, or assorted societal or personal job work outing state of affairs. This can besides develop by utilizing cyberspace or assorted type of grammar trial as good. B ) Time direction accomplishments Time is so much of import things for any sort of individual to develop his or her life on the best manner to acquire good accomplishment in the life. An single must hold to developed clip direction accomplishments as similar subject and undertaking stopping point within clip period. The development of clip direction depends on the work completing procedure to take how long clip to run the procedure to on this footing they have to develop the direction of clip in specific clip period. This can be maintain and bettering by doing clip tabular array for peculiar undertaking or specific purpose to make the ends and run with this agenda within clip bound. Puting the precedences and scheduling them harmonizing to single ends. Individual must besides include all the sort of of import meeting and work for the house to develop and execute their undertaking and acquire relaxation so for each and every this things need to clip direction. ( Vas, 2004 ) C ) Teamwork accomplishments Teamwork accomplishment can be developing by each and every one person execute their work as a squad member. To make the any sort of job and have to work out this a member which work with squad for this fixing the undertaking has to work outing the job and to develop of work mark which one coating within the clip bound. So we can acquire good public presentation by working together and accomplish our ends. So we can make our any sort of our hard end as teamwork. D ) Stress direction accomplishments Stress can be developing by the instability or due to psychology force per unit area on head. An single must recognize emphasis i.e. short term or long term emphasis, impermanent emphasis, positive or negative emphasis, and severe or mild emphasis. For the solution or overcome of any sort of emphasis we have to acquire relax from work, develop the wont of exercising, reading, playing some games, societal support, and besides pull off the clip and agenda before start the undertaking. F ) General accomplishments Skill must be improved by an person from everyone ‘s past experience in instance of every bit good derive higher instruction and committedness towards work, societal life, assorted sort of cognition. Individual have to develop like this sort of general accomplishment to execute as a good mode and better public presentation. Measuring professional accomplishments This model is for professionals in wellness, societal attention, athletics and life sciences who wish to go on their professional development. The surveies are tailored to development demands assisting and advancement in calling. On the manner of Dalton and Thompson there are 4 phases to develop the professional accomplishments has to execute as below: 1 ) The Cardinal Phase In this phase an person foremost better or larn the profession of a new occupation within the administration. On base of cardinal an person learn how to follow his co-workers and acquire good cognition before larning how to take them and give best performance.A It is known as a kernel of the cardinal phase. Main of import things of this phase are the construction of administration, map and civilization. Cardinal things have to cognize about the creativeness and proposal. Make the cognition about the dependence move to independence and besides on on which manner is to be possible. Besides explore the personal/professional kineticss. ( Unknown, 2008 ) develop professional pattern addition increased duty widen your calling way or entree new functions 2 ) Colleague Phase In this instance personal have to make or keep or develop his/her ego on foundation of proficient footing, self-dependent, growing in professional cognition etc. So acquiring more and more cognition is to be more originative an single towards the administration. In this phase an single must develop: Any one country of experts or specialise. Build expertness in chosen countries He has to develop the features of a professional individual. Day by twenty-four hours increasing efficiency every bit good as effectivity. Besides portion the information with others and follows on it. 3 ) Counselor or determination Phase In this measure an person have to take a determination or be a counselor on the under working individual to hold know about his ability to work and assist him to be a professional and besides which run as a this duty to develop, organise and working as a squad leader to keep the administration. An person must hold to develop him/herself wholly in work outing the jobs. An person have to spread out his/her cognition for peculiar point and has to work out it. He has to develop the relationship between his/her training with mentoring. Besides has to derive publicities or better calling potency 4 ) Advisor Phase In this phase to develop the planning how to run the administration in the hereafter so we can acquire good consequence and so accomplish the end of administration. Besides this is a concluding measure of professional accomplishment development and plays a sterling function to develop administration in the hereafter with aid of personal thoughts and constructs or the specific cognition of the person. Individual must affect in strategic planning of the administration. Addition increased duties Besides each individual who work within the administration have to execute undertaking with extraordinary cognition or thoughts and besides has to take a hazard in the concern to develop good administration and do more net income in the hereafter. An person have to go a respective of all the people within the administration. ( Unknown, 2008 ) 1.1b ) Introduce the both of administration accomplishments on the manner to larn in future. By acquiring new and new to better the professional accomplishments an single must include wide scope of larning chances and experiences. Geting more cognition has to develop effectual thoughts are stated below: 1 ) Alumnus or Degree Courses Professionalism is must in every country of an single calling and acquire a good personality. In the alumnus class is the most of import thing to do personal ‘s hereafter in the instruction manner to develop his/her ego with doing best calling in peculiar graduation field. Now a twenty-four hours ‘s in new coevals develop a the beforehand degree class, in this instance the assorted type of surrogate option are available to make the classs in peculiar manner as like full clip class to go to the college or university and some sort of class we can make on our free clip base means portion clip classs 2 ) Internet Individual can besides larn and acquire assorted sort of more international cognition through cyberspace as this beginning. Through cyberspace system we can besides develop professionalism as there are besides on-line surveies or instance surveies which can associate to single profession. By this manner we get batch of cognition about our undertaking and besides tonss of information available even other undertaking ‘s every bit good so we can compare our ideas or undertakings with others make more effectual than other. Besides we get more thought about merchandise ‘s selling, finance, economic system. 3 ) Other Professional Societies and Associations After that acquiring a broad scope of experience on the base of workshops and seminars are been held by some administration to increase or derive form an single personality and professional facets. 4 ) Books and Diaries By this manner we get tonss of cognition related to our undertaking on assorted types oh thinks of tonss of writers and besides is a debonair manner to developing the professional. And for this we can utilize our montage ‘s book section as good assorted sort of cognition acquiring books to read. For this personale have to be a reading accomplishment so acquire immense sort of cognition about this type of beginnings like diary, books, newspapers etc. 5 ) Exhibition By this manner single acquire more pick for perform his peculiar field, related to professional pick to larn by detecting the new or similar merchandise or it ‘s characteristics or services from the rival. Attending exhibition of an peculiar things acquiring new thoughts from others knowledge by observation or besides by unwritten presentation given by others. By this manner we can easy acquire new thoughts or good cognition in our related field. An person can besides larn through work experience in his or her section by turn outing them with preparation. Training is most knowledge acquiring undertaking so by this manner we can easy larn such sort of new things. Training session helps to better: Personal thinks or cognition Duties towards the undertaking Behaviour of the personal Geting cognition about accomplishments and so give best public presentation towards the administration. All the above larning ways helps an person in many ways: We learn new things and believe every bit good alter the attitude of an single towards work and societal life and work on their emotions. After all addition cognition to growing as an person. By this manner they can motivated and larn new things and better their activities. Increase the self assurance due to self motive. ( Mittal, 2006 ) 1.2a ) On the base of personal accomplishments audit, happen out specific preferable acquisition manner, which chiefly base on the standard direction and leading: A personal accomplishments audit point of an single existing accomplishment against the accomplishments which an person demand both at the present clip being and in the close hereafter. It placing the accomplishments which include the single demand to transport out his/her bing work and besides develop a program, ant to better the accomplishments and acquiring cognition which needed for an personal to work on his hereafter work for end or calling. 1 ) Identifying bing accomplishments and cognition: In this first phase, where single return or show his/her personal accomplishment technique. After that on the base of his or her existing work an single can name down his/her personal accomplishments by the observation of his/her cognition of work every bit good single placing his/her cognition every bit good as bing accomplishments which one consider as an of import. Besides an single discovery out most utile accomplishments and new things on the base of cognition, such this sort of accomplishments an single must mention to his/her description. 2 ) Identifying future accomplishments and cognition Individual has to compose down those of import accomplishments and cognition which are utile in the hereafter program and cognition carry on for his/her best calling. So in this attention person has to must see to each and every one on wider the option and besides to take the best possible option to success on the manner for future. 3 ) Rating the ability of an person This phase is run after the done indentifying the exciting and future accomplishments by an person. In this instance an single spring rate to his or her on the base of current work ability by looking the option every bit good understanding clearly. This evaluation system can be follow by each and every one ‘s working accomplishments technique and methods of the work base to thing to make new something. There have 4 stairss to scale as follow: A ) Specific sort of certain accomplishment and cognition related survey. B ) On the base of high grade of accomplishment and cognition. None of the present accomplishments and the cognition. Create specific sort of cognition accomplishment and some guideline to utilize it. 4 ) Review the above ability evaluation After the ability of an single the following measure is to reexamine the ability evaluation of an person. It is run the footing of honesty feedback in the instance of wise man to give an single honest feedback about his or her work ability. Because of an person must hold to avoid attack with his/her co-worker as they can misdirect an person every bit good. For this of import undertaking, acquiring new things and positions toward determining their hereafter calling program. 5 ) Future development After acquiring cognition in different position of the undertaking an single must star working on his/her negative points or depressions nucleuss in order to develop accomplishments or cognition. Future development can be achieved by an single by self-motivating and concentrating on the coveted consequence. On the bases on new thing and thoughts we can develop a hereafter program. So let now we have to placing prefer larning manner which chiefly focus on the effectual accomplishment required for best direction and leading. There are three chief types of preferable larning manner they are: Listening Vision Past experience Learning through listening An person can larn the best through effectual hearing when there are group treatments held within the administration. They can be besides learn may of import things on the footing of naming carefully to their co-workers or supervisor or directors or trainer during the clip of seminars or exhibition. An person can besides larn many of import things if he/she listen carefully to their supervisor or co-workers during the clip of seminars or exhibition. ( ScholarshipNet.Info, 2004 ) Vision Vision is the best position of each and every one house to develop in the hereafter program is an of import things or measure for success. An single learns the best when the direction present informations in the written format or in the ocular format like a pie chart or flow diagram of the company. Besides can be present on the one of best ways company shows the projectors or power point slides. this will make the images of these slides in his or her thought can develop by the utilizing this slides or images. Learning from past experience This is chief of import manner to larning the undertaking on the base of his or her past experience. â€Å" Experience is the Best Teacher. † So an person can larn easy or though on T his/her past experience. So if they did any error in the yesteryear so they can to Learning from one ‘s experience helps an person to larn the most. 1.3a ) Produce a item about personal development program Personal development program helps an person to accomplish his/her ends as it helps to place the spread between the accomplishments which requires betterment by an person. While fixing the personal development program, an single work with his/her activities and schemes to run into his/her personal ends. Personal development program enable an person to concentrate on his/her work as it helps the person to be on the right path. I would wish to bring forth my personal development program of achieving Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) on the base of Pharmacy grade, non merely deriving this grade but maintaining in head the journey to accomplish this grade by acquiring the cognition by go throughing the assorted stages.. SWOT analysis for my personal development program My Strength As I am determined and focus with my ambitious and with my personal ends, I work hard with acquiring profoundly cognition of my personal field for non merely to accomplish the grade but besides to understand the constructs with clear positions so in the hereafter I can make something and achieve assorted sort of accomplishment. My Failing Continuous Self-motivation is required for executing the undertaking which I lack someplace. As good due to the high competition and recession, there is a deficiency of occupation security after finishing the class. As good uninterrupted working on perticular undertaking acquiring bored so to make something different so non finish peculiar undertaking on a regular basis sometimes. Menaces are ever seen as the hereafter is non certain. My chances I have an chance to turn out myself as a good director in selling of pharmaceutics field so run as a good employee in this field. After I am done with this class and besides have an chance to do my dreams into world. My Menaces Geting the grade without any restrain. Heavy competition for the freshman ‘s like me along with the universe ‘s recession. The followers are the chief aims of the below action program to get first Pharmacy grade and so MBA: The followers is the action program of my development program: Sr No. How to acquire Pharmacy degree No. Of semester Duration 1 Pharmacy grade 8 Semester 4 Old ages 2 PGDM ( Nine Modules ) 2 Semester 8 Calendar months 2 General MBA ( Six Modules ) 2 Semester 4 Calendar months 3 Specialization in Marketing 1 Semester 3 Calendar months 1.3b ) Provide grounds of any monitoring, feedback and accommodation made The followers are the grounds of feedback or monitoring taken from my seniors and wise mans for my accommodation of proper development in my personal field in order to acquire importance effectual results. I would wish to supervise the above personal development program by myself on the base of my personal calling program which how can develop or done my me every bit good making rest one can be done by doing a chart or graph so can be easy larn or understand towards my existent mark of my advancement. In extra to this, I must portion my personal development program with my coach and senior pupils who are echt that will give me an chance to acquire some feedback from them and accommodation will be made harmonizing to their feedback. Involving other ‘s for monitoring and taking feedback from them serves to be a good thought so that I can maintain a path of my advancement. Besides I should near those people who are a good hearer and who can easy cognize or understand my undertaking, who can help or steer my program and my advancement towards my end. Once the positions are being taken from the people who are extremely qualified with good work experience and those holding good cognition, accommodations will be made after I understand their positions wholly. I should be taking clip to look at my personal development program so that I can do accommodation like activities to call off or rescheduled or besides can do usage of the new chance toward our end which can assist me to acquire nigher to my personal ends. 1.3c ) Evaluate and reexamine the effectivity and impact of your acquisition When I will acquiring the my professional direction grade so I will travel to the market in the practical field in the peculiar house for this intent I have to keep my direction profession, direction accomplishments and besides concern be aftering around the market universe for accomplishing end. My direction plan will traveling to assist me in my professional filed to develop my communicating accomplishment, pllanig of undertaking to give best cognition accomplishment about that. As good i caring pharmaceutics grade besides add on MBA grade with in marketing field to give me best hereafter in my profession. Directors have to make peculiar direction accomplishment or programme to develop house in the successfully manner in this concern universe. This class besides give cognition about higher concern believing will give more challenging. This class will assist me lot by developing strategic direction cognition and competency in job resolution accomplishments, assorted sort of medical specialty publish and acquire good effectivity. Conclusion – presents in this competition universe each and every company need good and best cognition acquiring employee to hold capableness Tis give new manner to house and company should acquire best accomplishment. As good single has to reed or take a personal accomplishment audit in specific clip period to give best public presentation. Professional accomplishment holding in the individual is really of import in each and every field to come on in the life every bit good for company besides acquire good popularity and net income with it. Who do n’t hold skill about the concern or any sort he or she ca n’t be stand in this fast path good communicating universe. In the universe professionally development is really of import for single for develop himself and acquiring great accomplishment in life. How to cite Case Study Advanced Proffesional Development Education Essay, Free Case study samples

Market Conceptual Methodological Foundation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Market Conceptual Methodological Foundation? Answer: Introduction The discussion of the following paper is to get a proper picture of the marketing strategies of the ebikes in the modern context. The ebikes or the electric bikes have become a sensation in the contemporary era. This is why all the motor vehicle manufacturing companies are eyeing the production of the ebikes positively (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). It can be said that the modern era is the age of technology. This is why the young generation is inclined towards the use of the electric bikes indeed. Some significant advantages of using the ebikes have been seen as well. Reef Bikes Reef Bikes is considered to be one of the most important electric bikes manufacturers in Australia (www.reefbikes.com.au, 2018). They are one of the most important and leading manufacturers of the electric bicycles in the country. The organization was set up in the year 2005. They have been serving the customers ever since and providing them with the best products for their use for various purposes (www.reefbikes.com.au, 2018). They have pioneered the invisiTRON technology that has catered to the needs of the many customers indeed. Their products have served the best for the customers in various areas. They have developed the designs of the Road Bikes, Folded Electric Bikes and Tricycles Prodeco Tech Prodeco Tech is one of the leading manufacturers of the ebikes in USA. They have been successful in gaining the ebikes market in the country for a long time now (prodecotech.com, 2018). The organization was set up in the year 2007. Market Opportunities It is essential for both the companies to adopt some strategies by which they can do their marketing. As their aim to gain the competitive advantage over their rivals in the country and expand in the foreign countries as well, they will look to capture the European market mainly to grab the customers of that continent (Berthon et al., 2012). They are looking to grab the markets of some parts of Europe like Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and some other countries. It is a common fact that this product is a complete durable product indeed. This will be helpful for all the customers as it will run for a longer time. The introduction of this product will be helpful for all the customers indeed (Berthon et al., 2012). Market segmentation Both the companies of Reef Bikes and Prodeco Tech will be eyeing to set their target markets in a way that all groups of people irrespective of their age and financial background will be able to take the benefit of using the e-bikes. The target groups of the companies can be divided according to the psychographic, geographic and demographic segments (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The companies should put the more priority on the rural areas where electricity is very much costly. The company can provide the customers the ebikes at low cost to gain more customers. They can provide the ebikes in installments. In terms of demographic segmentation, the target age group will be 18 to 65. In terms of geographic segmentation, developed countries will be targeted in the initial stages followed by the developing countries. Regarding the psychographic segmentation, customers inclined towards fitness regime along with sustainable development will be targeted. Market diversification This product should be developed in a cost-effective manner so that everyone can purchase it (Baker, 2014) If they keep the prices down, the customers from all the financial backgrounds will be able to buy it. Positioning and market fit requirements Target customers The target customers for both the companies are broad and extensive. Target customers are segmented across different income groups and age groups. Customers from the bottom of the pyramid are looking for the cheaper alternative for transportation and customers from the top of the pyramid are looking for fitness alternative and sustainable development (Loveridge Mok 2012). Moreover, customers are also geographically targeted, which helps both the companies to have their more full market reach in different locations. Marketing mix The free electricity bikes are very much environment-friendly and customer friendly as well (Prist et al., 2016). The product is very much cost effective (Gordon, 2012). Price The price of the products should be kept between AUD 1400 to AUD 2000. The companies can offer various financial schemes for the customers like several business schemes (Gordon, 2012). They should provide the vehicles at low EMI rates. Promotion Social media marketing will be beneficial for both the organizations. This is due to the reason that, social media marketing will help in effectively determining the market tren and requirement along with generating positive word of mouth (Moshrefjavadi et al., 2012). Celebrity endorsements will be the other useful promotional tools. It will help in reach out to more number of customers leveraging the star power (Gordon, 2012). Apart from the social media, TVC and print media can also be initiated due to their higher market penetration. They should encourage the use of the con friendly energy like tidal power and solar energy (Gordon, 2012). Place The companies should sell the ebikes from several outlets across the country (Khan, 2014). The regional outlets should be opened by the companies to sell the products to support the brand extension methods. Consumption and purchasing patterns The primary target audience of the ebikes should be the young people as they are very fond of making the adventures (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The young boys should be their chief target market. The income levels of the target market should be the people from the lower and middle-income levels. Thus all the people should be able to afford these products of electricity free ebikes. The technological facilities like several electronic gadgets within the target countries should be utilized by all the companies effectively (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The young people and young boys mean the age group from 18 to 30 years of age. Cross national segments The trans-national segments meaning the market segments that are spread across all over the world. These are opposite to the cross-national segments will have to be found out through a proper survey indeed. The customers will have to be divided according to their nationalities. Thus the companies will be able to provide the best services according to the demands of the customers (Hassan Craft, 2012). As the German and French people are very fond of stylish products, they will provide the ebikes with style. The British people prefer elegance so the ebikes supplied to these companies will be full of elegant looks. The other countries they can focus on are Germany, Belgium and Netherlands. Universal segmentation The universal target segmentation for the ebikes will focus on the improvement of the rural areas of the target countries. Ebikes are very important and beneficial for the economically backward people since those bikes will cater to get all the household materials (Hassan Craft, 2012). There are some specific purposes for the diverse people from diverse financial backgrounds. The rural people who do not have the necessary electricity facilities can use the free electricity bikes properly indeed. The people from the higher economic backgrounds can opt for those ebikes for the fitness issues. Customer value proposition Determination of the customer value proposition involves a few steps. The first step is the analyzing the need of the customers and the value being offered. It is vital for both the organizations to identify the gap between the requirements of the customers and value of the products being offered. The next step is to design the value proposition by the change in the market requirements to efficiently fulfil the customer expectations. The next step involves the adaption of the stated value proposition in the organizational culture of the company. The organizational strategy and culture should be integrated in such way that it can adapt to the frequent change in the market scenario. The next step involves both the organizations implementing efficient and proper communication channels to communicate the value propositions to the customers. Social media market will be beneficial in this step. The last level is the review. It is essential due to the reason that it will help in identifying the issues with the current propositions and rectify those accordingly. User experience The user experience is a precious thing in the sales quantity for the ebikes that the two companies sell (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). The users or the customers bear a good impression on the products. They can show it off to their neighbours as well. If they are satisfied with the quality of the products, they might recommend it to their friends as well. Thus the sales will increase (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). Global consumer culture positioning The global customers will want the better branding of the ebikes from both the companies. Reef Bikes will try to provide the best quality products for the global consumers. They would be able to offer the online services for the global customers. They can opt for free shipping of the products (Hassan Craft, 2012). Local consumer culture positioning The local customers will have to be provided the best services indeed. The local customers can buy the products from different outlets of the companies. In this context, the companies will deliver the products to the customers within a proper time. Thus the brand value of the companies will undoubtedly increase (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Market entry The continent of Europe has always been full of technological innovations around the globe (Schuster Holtbrgge, 2012). This is why they have aimed for the European countries. It is recommended that joint venture should be initiated by both the companies. This is due to the reason that, initiation of the joint venture will help in reducing the risk of entering in foreign countries along with the reducing the rate of investment in the foreign countries. A joint venture will help these companies in forming strategic alliances with any domestic partners in the host country. This will assist them in efficiently determining the local market requirements and offering the products accordingly. Also, presence of the local partners also reduces the number of investments. Brand Positioning These e-bikes will be positioned as a cheaper and pollution free mode of transport over the conventional ones (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Though, the initial cost of the e-bikes will be higher compared to the traditional mode of transports. However, the operating cost will be much lower along with having smaller or zero emission. These will be positioned as more sustainable options over others available substitutes (Schuster Holtbrgge, 2012). The key selling propositions for these e-bikes will be the environment friendliness and zero emission. In the current scenario, these propositions will be more efficient due to the recent issue of environmental degradation. The different market strategy theories can be helped by the Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying ebikes is one of the most prolific innovations in the modern era. The customers have become the frenzy of possessing the ebikes. The target market of the ebikes manufacturing countries is the young generation. This is why the companies are keen on providing the customers with the best ebikes products. They are very conscious of meeting the requirements of the customers properly. These are the reasons the companies are focusing on making the ebikes become a common thing in every house, References Allen, G., Dar, A. (2013). Foreign direct investment. House of Commons Library Standard Note SN/EP/1828. www. parliament. uk/briefing-papers/sn01828. pdf (accessed July 4, 2013). Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business horizons, 55(3), 261-271. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Fyhri, A., Fearnley, N. (2015). Effects of e-bikes on bicycle use and mode share. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 36, 45-52. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 20(2), 122-126. Hassan, S. S., Craft, S. (2012). Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies. Journal of Consumer marketing, 29(5), 344-356. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to a market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). Springer, New York, NY. Insyncsurveys.com.au. (2018). Insyncsurveys.com.au. Retrieved 8 February 2018, from https://insyncsurveys.com.au/surveys-consulting/customer-surveys-consulting/customer-value-proposition-research-consulting/ Khan, M. T. (2014). The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper). International journal of information, business and management, 6(2), 95. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. Loose, S. M., Lockshin, L. (2013). Testing the robustness of best-worst scaling for cross-national segmentation with different numbers of choice sets. Food Quality and Preference, 27(2), 230-242. Loveridge, R., Mok, A. L. (2012). Theories of labour market segmentation: a critique. Springer Science Business Media. Moshrefjavadi, M. H., Dolatabadi, H. R., Nourbakhsh, M., Poursaeedi, A., Asadollahi, A. (2012). An analysis of factors affecting on online shopping behavior of consumers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(5), 81. Prodecotech.com (2018). Shop Electric Bikes - e-Bikes - 2 Year Warranty - Free Shipping. [online] ProdecoTech Electric Bikes. Available at: https://prodecotech.com/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Reefbikes.com.au (2018). Electric Bikes by REEF - Australia`s Best Electric Bicycles. [online] Reefbikes.com.au. Available at: https://reefbikes.com.au/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Schuster, T., Holtbrgge, D. (2012). Market entry of multinational companies in markets at the bottom of the pyramid: A learning perspective. International Business Review, 21(5), 817-830. Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2017). Social media marketing. Sage. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations (Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Prist, M., Freddi, A., Longhi, S., Monteri, A., Antonini, P. (2016, June). Wireless sensor network based management system for electric bicycle-sharing. InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE.

Affirmative Action - History Essays - Social Inequality,

Affirmative Action - History Affirmative Action is defined by Webster's New World College Dictionary as " a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups." The phrase "affirmative action" was coined by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925, initiating the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. This order required federal contractors to take "affirmative action" to increase the number of minorities that they employed. Thus affirmative action was born. However, when Kennedy and Johnson established affirmative action, they did not intend for it to have the perverted and distorted effect that it currently has today. Such perversions and distortions include the hiring of unqualified workers, the causing of problems for groups it originally set out to help, and reverse discrimination that results in unfair standards into higher education and the work force. The practice of affirmative action must be stopped. The main argument for affirmative action is that it creates equal opportunity for people in the work force and for students seeking admission into higher education. However, this is not a valid point. While affirmative action creates equal opportunity for some individuals, it discriminates against others, primarily white males. Therefore, affirmative action uses reverse discrimination to solve the problem of discrimination. Do two wrongs make a right? The answer is no. The first reason affirmative action should be stopped is that employees often are hired that are not qualified to execute their jobs effectively. Many times employers are forced to find the best minority, rather than the person most qualified for the job. For example, a policy was adopted by Duke University in 1993 that required each department at the university to hire at least one new African-American for a faculty position (Pasour). However, various surveys and estimates show that less than 4,000 blacks receive Ph.D.s in the United States. This is less than two black Ph.D.s for every American college or university (Sowell). Therefore, Duke University's policy would force them to hire faculty that are not as qualified, due to a shortage of black Ph.D.s, as their white counterparts. The hiring of unskilled workers is also detrimental to businesses as well. The primary purpose of a business is to make money for the employer, as well as the employees. The hiring of unqualified employe es is harmful to the business's production. When employees cannot perform their specific tasks, it often leads to error, which costs the company time and money. If the business is continually paying for worker error, its profits will decrease, producing a decrease in employee pay. Many times companies are forced to hire unqualified individuals because of quotas. Often when a business's quota is not filled it is forced to conceive unnecessary jobs for minorities, which is also decreases a company's profit. Incapable employees are a detriment to worker unity as well. If an employee is not as qualified as his or her co-worker, it may create tension and frustration between them, in turn creating another complication.. The second reason it is imperative to abolish the practice of affirmative action is that it often initiates problems for the minorities it originally intended to help. This is apparent in the work place as well as in colleges and universities. The first problem affirmative action establishes for minorities is that it places a stigma on groups who benefit from affirmative action, especially those who actually earn their position because they are qualified for it. Consider an employer who hires a member of a minority group on the basis of merit alone. Many employees automatically assume that the individual's appointment resulted from affirmative action. Thus, any employee who does benefit from affirmative action bears the brand of "not being the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group (Pasour)." The second problem it creates for minorities in the workplace is the loss of spirit and vitality for their jobs. If workers feel that the sole reason they are employed is to fill a quota, they may lack pride in their jobs, which in turn hinders their performance. In addition, minorities's problems due to

History of Ethics Violations in Congress

History of Ethics Violations in Congress Back-to-back charges against two veteran members of Congress in the summer of 2010 cast an unflattering light on the Washington establishment and its historic inability to mete out justice among members who stray beyond ethical boundaries they helped to draw. In July of 2010, the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct charged U.S. Representative. Charles B. Rangel, a Democrat from New York, with 13 violations, including failing to pay taxes on rental income he received from his villa in the Dominican Republic. Also in that year, the Office of Congressional Ethics charged U.S. Rep. Maxine Waters, a Democrat from California, with allegedly using her office to provide assistance to a bank in which her husband owned stock to ask for federal government bailout money. The potential for highly publicized trials in both cases raised the question: How often has Congress expelled one its own? The answer is–not very. Types of Punishment There are several major types of punishment members of Congress can face: Expulsion   The most serious of penalties is provided for in Article I, Section 5 of the U.S. Constitution, which states that each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Such moves are considered matters of self-protection of the integrity of the institution. Censure A less severe form of discipline, censure does not remove representatives or senators from office. Instead, it is a formal statement of disapproval that can have a powerful psychological effect on a member and his relationships. The House, for example, requires members being censured to stand at the well of the chamber to receive a verbal rebuke and reading of the censure resolution by the Speaker of the House. Reprimand   Used by the House, a reprimand is considered a lesser level of disapproval of the conduct of a member than that of a censure, and is thus a less severe rebuke by the institution. A resolution of reprimand, unlike a censure, is adopted by a vote of the House with the member standing in his place, according to House rules. Suspension Suspensions involve a prohibition on a member of the House from voting on or working on legislative or representational matters for a particular time. But according to congressional records, the House has in recent years questioned its authority to disqualify or mandatorily suspend a member. History of House Expulsions Only five members have been expelled in the history of the House, the most recent being U.S. Representative James A. Traficant Jr. of Ohio, in July of 2002. The House expelled Traficant after he was convicted of receiving favors, gifts, and money in return for performing official acts on behalf of the donors, as well as getting salary kickbacks from staff. The only other House member to be expelled in modern history is U.S. Rep. Michael J. Myers of Pennsylvania. Myers was expelled in October of 1980 following a bribery conviction for accepting money in return for his  promise to use influence in immigration matters in the so-called ABSCAM sting operation run by the FBI. The remaining three members were expelled for disloyalty to the union by taking up arms for the Confederacy against the United States in the Civil War. History of Senate Expulsions Since 1789, the Senate has expelled only 15 of its members, 14 of which had been charged with support of the Confederacy during the Civil War. The only other U.S. senator to be kicked out of the chamber was William Blount of Tennessee in 1797 for anti-Spanish conspiracy and treason. In several other cases, the Senate considered expulsion proceedings but either found the member not guilty or failed to act before the member left office. In those cases, corruption was the primary cause of complaint, according to Senate records. For example, U.S. Sen. Robert W. Packwood of Oregon was charged with the Senate ethics committee with Sexual misconduct and abuse of power in 1995. The Committee on Ethics recommended that Packwood be expelled for abuse of his power as a senator by repeatedly committing sexual misconduct and by engaging in a deliberate ... plan to enhance his personal financial position by seeking favors from persons who had a particular interest in legislation or issues that he could influence. Packwood resigned, however, before the Senate could expel him. In 1982, U.S. Sen. Harrison A. Williams Jr. of New Jersey was charged by the Senate ethics committee with ethically repugnant conduct in the ABSCAM scandal, for which he was convicted of conspiracy, bribery, and conflict of interest. He, too, resigned before the Senate could act on his punishment.

Plato - Apology (Five Dialogues) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato - Apology (Five Dialogues) - Essay Example Therefore, the form is not a mere idea of roundness in the mind. It exists independently from the basketball and individual thinking of it. It then follows that all round objects, including basketball, copy or participates in this form of roundness. To enhance our understanding of the difference between the properties of forms and those of material objects, there is need to examine the first two properties of forms. Forms are transcendent, that is, they do not exist in time and space. However, a material object, like a basketball, exists in time and space. The roundness of a form does not exist at any particular time or place, thus forms subsist in different ways. This is important as it explains the unchanging property of forms. The roundness property of a basketball will never change: it remains the same at all places and times of instantiation. The form of roundness in present in many spatial locations, and the property or roundness would remain even after the destruction of all r ound objects (192). The second property of forms is purity. Any material object, like a basketball, has various properties: elasticity, roundness, and others, which combine to make the individual basketball. A form is one of the many properties, existing individually apart from time and space. Roundness is purely roundness, without any mixture of properties. The differentiation factors between forms and material objects are pure and transcendent properties, as materials incorporate complex conglomeration of properties in time and space. According to Plato’s principle, humans believe that the reality of a thing dependents on its objectivity. This is because humans tend to distinguish reality and appearance. However, forms are more objective than material objectives, thus forms are more real than the material objects. One of the properties of the soul is eternity. Drawing from the unchanging property of forms, then it means that the soul never dies, nor does it ever begin. It t hen follows that the soul is immortal, and thus exists before and after the â€Å"birth† of the body. Question Two In the Apology, there are four charges against Socrates. First, Socrates faces accusation for studying things in the heavens and below the earth. Second, he tends to make the worst arguments into better arguments, thus persuading others to follow him and his beliefs. Third, he is guilty of corrupting young people, and fourth, he does not believe in the gods of the city. The charge against studying matters of the skies and the ground below contradicts Socrates position as an atheist. Matters of heavens and beneath the earth primarily focus on religious belief of individuals and the gods, thus countering Socrates’ position as an atheist. The basic definition of atheism is the lack of belief in deities. It thus follows that the first charge against Socrates contradicts his position as an atheist. The charge that Socrates turns the worst arguments into stronge r arguments identifies him with the Sophists. Sophists were a group of people with techniques of persuasion that enabled them to influence people to adopt their beliefs and points of view, despite their ignorance on the subject matter of the topic. Athenians accused Socrates of being a Sophist. The charges against corrupting the youth came from Meletus. According to him, Socrates was responsible for corrupting the minds of the youth in Athens.

Score Normalisation in Voice Biometrics (CASE STUDY) Essay

Score Normalisation in Voice Biometrics (CASE STUDY) - Essay Example Standardisations of score distributions include Z-norm, and T-norm. Score normalisation helps achieve separation between score distributions of known and unknown speakers. A reduction in equal error rate is achieved by the use of score normalisation methods. Speaker recognition is required in applications, such as operating in environments that are uncontrolled or while transmitting speech over communication channels. Speaker verification involves assessment of similarity scores between registered or unregistered users and reference models. The expectation is that verification scores should be high for true speakers and low for impostors. However, true speaker verification scores could be adversely affected by background noise, speech variations of the speaker, variations caused by the recording apparatus, and/or effects caused by the communication channel. Score distribution plots enable observation of true speaker scores and impostor scores relative to each other. Test utterances from true speakers and impostors obtained experimentally can be used to generate score distribution plots (see fig. 1). Since, there is an overlap between true and impostor score distributions, an acceptance threshold is chosen. The accuracy of verification process is directly proportional to the distance between the score distributions. Overlapping of score distributions could result in errors, such as false acceptances and false rejections. False acceptances involve accepting impostors as true speakers. False rejections involve rejecting true speakers. Adjusting the threshold could result in reduction of one type of error while increasing the other. This could be overcome by setting the threshold, so that the two error types are equal. This technique is known as the equal error rate (see fig. 2), where false acceptance rate is set equal to false rejection rate. Variations in speech characteristics are caused

Ross Theory Of Prima Facie Duties

Ross Theory Of Prima Facie Duties Prima facie, a Latin name is mainly used in academic philosophy and law to mean apparently correct or at first glance. The idea of prima facie duties first originated with David Ross, who was a Scottish philosopher. Ross was among the great proponents of intuitionism or ethical pluralism theory. According to the theory, good is indefinable and there exist moral truths which are self evident (Ross, 2002 Pg 4). According to Ross, there are various prima facie duties that people can use in determining the concrete thing to do. In this case, a prima facie duty refers to a duty that is obligatory or binding, holding other things equal, unless any other duty or duties triumph it (Ross, 2002 Pg 5). Whenever there is a prima facie duty to perform a given task, there is always a strong presumption that is in favor of performing it. An excellent example of a prima facie duty is the obligation to keep secrets and promises. People ought to keep promises unless a stronger moral consideration arises. Concrete or actual duties are the duties that people undertake given a particular situation. This contrasts with the prima facie duties. Depending on the nature of the actual duties, one ought to perform it in a moral way. Prima facie duties have a close relationship with actual duties, in the same way that reasons have a close relationship with conclusions of reasoning. Prima facie duties According to Ross, prima facie duties recognize that people face a lot of daily choices where they have to act morally. In such cases, individuals weigh such moral choices using their intuitive judgment (Ross, 2002 Pg 10). Ross developed the theory because he was not satisfied with the utilitarian view that morality could be reduced on the basis of maximizing utility. He proposed six categories of prima facie duties that individuals can use in determining the right thing to do. Fidelity This involves a duty to safeguard ones contacts, secrets and promises and avoiding deception. In this case, if an individual keeps a promise, then he or she has a prima facie duty to honor the promise. Gratitude This duty involves showing appreciation at all times. The duty advocates that individuals should be grateful for all good deeds toward them. The duty continues to add that such individuals should show appreciation by doing good deeds to others. For instance, if a person holds the door for an individual carrying a heavy load, then the individual should be grateful for that. Non-injury This duty is also referred to as non maleficence. It indicates the duty to avoid causing harm to others. The harm can either be physical or psychological. The actions of any individual should not harm the health, security, happiness, character, wealth or intelligence among others. Justice This duty requires that individuals should act in a way that leads to a fair distribution of both benefits and burdens. According to Ross, this duty can have negative effects. The duty rests on the possibility of achieving a distribution of happiness or pleasure, which is not in the interest of the individual concerned. This gives rise to the duty to avoid such a distribution, which can be termed as unjust (Ross, 2002 Pg 21) Beneficence This involves the duty to do deeds that promote the well being of others. This involves fostering their health, wisdom, security, happiness or moral goodness. According to Ross, this duty arises from the fact that there are individuals in the world who can use help in improving their current condition (Ross, 2002 Pg 22). The person holding the door for the individual in need shows the duty of beneficence. Self-improvement This indicates the duty to act in a way that promotes ones well being. This pertains to ones security, wisdom, health, happiness and moral goodness. This duty calls for intelligence or virtue for it establish a strong connection (Ross, 2002 Pg 21) Evaluation of Prima Facie Duties The six duties as stipulated by Ross advocate for morality, but have proven to conflict with one another in some real life situations. For instance, an elderly woman collapses with a possible heart attack. A man who witnesses the situation realizes that the phone is a few blocks way. There is a childs bike lying nearby, but the child is out of sight. A section of the prima facie duties suggest that the man should take the bike and call for help. On the other hand, some duties advocate that taking the bike is not right. This indicates a situation where the duties in the theory are conflicting and confusing at the same time. In the real life situation above, the non injury and justice duties indicate that taking the bike will be unjust and will cause injury to the owner. On the other hand, the duty of beneficence and harm prevention will advocate that taking the bike would be morally right. The solution in such a case would lie in the prioritization of the duties. In this case, harm prevention and beneficence would have the first priority over the duties concerning justice and non injury (Pojman, 2011 Pg 139). The actual duty would be to take the bike and get help. In such a case, there would be a temporary loss of the bike for the bike owner, but this would prevent the death of the sick woman. The theory presents duties that should guide moral doings in daily situations. However, it is evident that the prima facie duties are not sufficient to determine the choices that people should make. The efficiency of the theory lies in the priority of the different duties. Some duties are have more priority in given cases than others. For example, in our case above, the beneficence and harm prevention duties would come before the non injury and justice duties. This calls for priority rules to guide the duties in case they conflict. For instance, holding all other things equal, it would be crucial to avoid causing harm or injury that to do a positive deed (Timmons, 2002 Pg 193). The priority rule indicates that the non injury duties override all other duties. Moreover, fidelity comes before beneficence. For example, keeping a promise or secret comes before any acts of kindness. Beneficence, skill and moral character override any other conflicting prima facie duty that involves ones pleasure or short term pain. However, the most significant thing is to recognize that the theory cannot exist with exceptions. The duties therein and the priority rules are subject to exceptions. Moral intuition Moral intuition serves a significant purpose in the advancement of this theory. It has three major functions. First, moral intuition reveals when a prima facie rule does not apply despite signs that the duty was applicable in the beginning. In simple terms, it enlightens individuals if they have any exceptions. This kind of moral intuition depends on the morally significant aspects present in the situation, and the location of the chooser. Secondly, moral intuition explains the prima facie duties in detail. This way, a chooser will make the best decision based on moral intuition. Thirdly, moral intuitions clarify the propriety rules present in a situation. It allows the chooser to choose non injury over beneficence (Audi, 2009 Pg 67). Moral intuition can vary from one individual to the other. The source of moral intuition is one that has received varying responses from scholars (Tropman, 2006 Pg 130). The ability to have upright moral perceptions depends on ones moral upbringing and the resulting moral habits. Moral perception may be distorted or corrupted depending on the upbringing and moral environment. Conclusion The theory and its applications have worked remarkably in many situations involving moral problems. The theory specifies how individuals should tackle situations so as to make moral decisions (Waluchow, 2003 pg 78). However, the theory has led to conflicting sides in given situations such as an abortion. Some duties are in favor of the fetus while some are in favor of the mother. Such situations have revealed the loop holes in the theory. However, with effective moral intuition, the theory can help individuals make moral choices depending on their situation. Moral intuition interprets the prima facie duties for any individual in relation to a given situation. It also guides the chooser on the duties to give precedence over others. Therefore, the effectiveness of the prima facie duties depends on the ones moral intuition.

Advertising Strategies in Sri Lankan Market

FMCG Product – Panadol Advertisement Most of Panadol advertisements are really consistent with Brand Identity . This advertisement also carries the brand identity well. When we analysis this advertisement, it is a reinforcement advertisement while educating customers how to use the product. Panadol is mass product but different advertising campaigns run to attract each segment such as middle class customers, upper class customers, children, elders and some sickness and general brand building advertisements. Each campaign is not badly affected on the other segment .If we compare this advertisement with Three wheeler driver and the self-employed mother advertisement we can understand the difference well. But all campaigns carry the Brand identity well. This advertisement was targeted upper middle and upper level customers who are educated enough to decide their OTC drugs without getting doctor’s recommendation. Non educated mother never do it without asking doctor. Brand is more prominent throughout the advertisement. Brand positioning is also well establish in this advertisement. Panadol is trust painkiller for many years in Sri Lanka and people believe it is best solution for small sickness.This advertisement also show the trustiness of happy mother with three children Consumer Insight Consumer insight of this panadol advertisement is that the mother is a family knows about her children well than any other person and mother’s caring is not compare with anybody else. Our mother knows how much we eat, how much we drink, what we need, what we like and dislike and children are so bonded with mother than father. Mother’s primary responsibility to care all her children. She is the family member who decide what and how much for each person.This insight is true in majority of Sri Lankan families. Even elder children are depend on their mother. Sometime, even father is depending on mothers opinion for this kind of situation. Advertising Idea Panadol wanted to use this insight and educate customer to use Panadol as OTC drug for their children without doctors’ prescription. But due to it is drug, they should use the perfect dosage. Therefore , the person who gives medicine for children should be well aware about this. And Mother is the perfect person for this. However, she should follow the age and weight of child to decide the dosage.With panadol box images advertisement well explain the dosage and benefits of the product.. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer It is relevance to brand and consumer both. By educating target customers how to use it as OTC drug, they can achieve the brand targets . it is the perfect way to use the panadol for children. We know for sure, for elders, two panadol is enough. But for children, the ml dosage is varying with the age and weight. Some mothers just do it as doctor prescribe only. But if you know the age and weight we can do it ourselves. This advertisement carry this message to consumer.Every mother knows the age of her children and weight with immunization record book. Further weight measurement for toddler and kids are primary responsibility of mothers. Therefore it is difficult to convince the message and consumer or parents are more confidence about what they give to her child. Use of Symbols and Colors Panadol is a mass product and their advertising campaigns are targeted for each segment. This advertisement was for middle, upper level customers , specially educated mothers to reinforce the brand. They are more forward to take own decision. The mother of the advertisement shows the target market well.Environment of the advertisement school children’s water bottle, and the house environment shows the target market precisely. Orange, red and mixed yellow has used to keep the brand constancy of brand colors. And blue, pink and green used to highlight the children for water bottles. Kitchen, and rack of medicine also indicate the middle and upper level consumers Product and brand is well established in the advertisement. Mother ( model ) is giving high attention to bottle of Panadol and box of panadol is highly emphasizing with the brand. That means brand and the product is the hero of the advertisement.Consumer Learning and Involvement It is a cognitive learning for consumers. They have to understand how to use the product. Before give panadol for little children ( specially infants and kids) mother or parents should know about exact dosage for their child. With the growth of child, dosage is changing. The chart of the box of Panadol well explain it and advertisement also try to get attention to that by high lighting three age limits with different dosage. This product is low involvement product. Customer do not need or research extensively before buying panadol. It is OTC drug more similar to FMCG products.However this advertisement is not fully emotional ad to create emotional feeling of customers.. It is educating custom er to think before use Panadol for children by showing how to use panadol for different age. Customer insight is used to bring the emotional feeling with showing mothers’ day today life extend to caring her children. Suggestions to Improve Overall this Panadol advertisement is good enough to educate target customers to use the correct dosage for children and it is mx of rational and emotional advertisement. However there are some improvements can be suggested as well.The model they use for mother is not preciously matching to target audience. If a mother has three children, she should be 30 plus ( average). And this model is too young for the real mother position. They have not use three children there. But use three water bottles and some cartoon dolls to explain about three children. They could use three children from different age limit with situation where they can use Panadol before going to doctor consultation. Such as small increase in temperature etc. Durable Product – Singer Washing Machine Buying a Washing Machine is a high involvement decision and Singer has done it is other way around.By using customer insight, they have convert this high involvement rational decision to low involvement and more convenience product similar to FMCG product as a gift giving with a surprise to wife. This advertisement is encourage the middle level consumers to buy a washing machine with easy payment option. Consumer Insight In Asian culture including Sri Lanka , middle class house wives are more indirect demanders. They never asking what they need from husband but to expect husband to understand all her needs and fulfill. House wife do all the home work and husband take the responsibility for earning and spending too.Sometimes Spending will do together. But due to wife is not earning, she is more towards to other way. However, every women love to have many electronic items at her home even though it is necessary or not. If we look at middle income level houses, ladies are more towards collecting those durable items. Advertising Idea This advertisement has used this insight of women and the culture to encourage men to think about their wives and fulfill their needs to have better family life. Advertisement shows the difficulty of women face at home which is not always visible to husbands due to they are away from home day time.But wife do great job with caring the come. However, middle income level people do not have the affordability for a washing machine. That is the main reason that wife also not demanding such expensive item, even though she love to have one. Advertisement offer the solution by offering easy payment option. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Signer is not a premium brand but offer durable products. Therefore depending only on high income earners will not enough and all companies and brands who are in the industry is expending the target market with different approaches.Easy payment option is the best method to encourage this segment. It clearly explained the relevance of product and brand showing the requirement of the product for clothes cleaning. From the point of customer also, it is highly relevant. We all need to clean our clothes and when the number of family members is increasing, this is a major task of house wife’s everyday life. Use of Symbols and Colors This advertisement try to use symbols and colors to convey the message well keeping the brand identity too. To demonstrate the middle income level family they have use the urban flat house. The seriousness of washing and leaning is showing with extended family, wife, husband, one child and grand father too. House wife is well demonstrate, she is cleaning clothes alone and preparing meals and serving to family members. All others are waiting on dining table. Color usage of the advertisement is not very much effective. Blue, yellow and red used for clothes, but it is not consisted with the Singer Brand. To demonstrate the c onsumer insight, they have used the grandfather to create the credibility of the insight ( Ganu Kawada da hitha Kiwwe) Brand and the product is well established. The need of product is highly emphasizing.Showing the actual product and the brand, advertisement try to get the attention from viewers for the brand and product Consumer Learning and Involvement This area is debatable in this advertisement. Normally durable products are high involvement decision making and consumer learning also high. It should be cognitive learning of how to use, benefits, features etc. However , this advertisement is created based on totally consumer insight mention above arose the emotional feeling of consumers to think about house wife. Cognitive learning on this advertisement is to think about, how women think and their expectations.It is persuade to buy the product with easy payment system Suggestions to Improve As explained above , even though this is durable product, it has gone as low involvement product and use the consumer insight of surprising wife with gift giving. It is no argue, this insight is great to influence consumers. However, due to this is not a product which is just use and remove, it should be selected carefully. That message is not deliver through this advertisement. If it can explain the features of benefits, it will be more benefits for their buying decisions. It just say about easy payment method, but customer has to research about it.In that case it is high involvement decision. Further , they should use color in theme to distinguish the brand from other competitor brands. Because easy payment method is not a unique method for them, it is common to all other competitors too. They could use some nice song or music to remind the brand. Service Advertisement – Janashakthi Full Option Janashakthi full Option advertising campaign is encouraging customers to use the full option insurance which bundle some additional services. This campaign is integrated marketing communication campaign and Press advertisement is one medium which is extending from TV commercials.They have taken one last part of the TV commercial and emphasis the services they offer. Consumer Insight This entire campaign has built based on some unexpected difficulties in real life such as days without having daily income is more difficult, unexpected happing at special movement is really embarrassing our lives etc. Advertising Idea This entire advertising campaign based on this insight, when we have difficulties and missing something, our lives are not complete and we are not comfortable as well. Unexpected situations in life may not be avoided.We should have backup plans to make it easy when we face such a situation and insurance is one way to do it. Janashakthi full option offers some benefits to make customers life easy and great. Relevance to Brand and the Consumer Getting customer attention is very important for Brand and the product, motor insurance is highly competitive and need to keep consumers top of awareness is really value. This advertisement is reminding target customers having Full Option policy will make their life easy and great. Consumer also understand the need of insurance policy other than legal requirement. Happiness due to easy life is matter for everyone.Use of Symbols and Colors Usage of symbols to demonstrate the idea is great. They have taken the car rental driver went for wedding hire which is really important. Typical driverhas taken and insurance agents friendly service is well demonstrate with gentleman having hands on driver’s shoulders. Wedding car demonstrate the importance of the service. Color usage is really good by associating brand colors which is Yellow and Black. Logo and brand name is well establish, brand is hero not the models on ad. Services are well noted and contact number given for more information gathering. Consumer learning and involvementConsumer learning is just to get the fear of fac ing bit embarrassing situations and having the service remove their fears with happy face. Getting a motor insurance policy is little high involvement decision and they need to look at the core benefits and additional benefits they gain before take the policy. However, advertisement is not rational cognitive learning encouragement. It is feel advertisement with emotion and rational combination. Suggestions to Improve Due to Press advertisement, they could give more information to evaluate the service. Press is not like TV commercials creating great emotional feeling.Press is great to educate customers. When we look at this press advertisements, they just mention the services they offer and no much information given. Customer learning is less and if they need, they have to call and get the information. It is better to list the services with some good information to encourage customer to think and evaluate the service. Further this explain only one situation to make the fear on target customers, however, by using graphics , they could create different situations where we face difficult in real life. Combination of TV commercials. If they want to make only emotional appeal. It is the best way.

Games Theory Essay

In game theory, Nash equilibrium (named after John Forbes Nash, who proposed it) is a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally. If each player has chosen a strategy and no player can benefit by changing his or her strategy while the other players keep theirs unchanged, then the current set of strategy choices and the corresponding payoffs constitute Nash equilibrium. Stated simply, Amy and Phil are in Nash equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil’s decision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy’s decision. Likewise, a group of players is in Nash equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others. However, Nash equilibrium does not necessarily mean the best payoff for all the players involved; in many cases, all the players might improve their payoffs if they could somehow agree on strategies different from the Nash equilibrium: e.g., competing businesses forming a cartel in order to increase their profits. The prisoner’s dilemma is a fundamental problem in game theory that demonstrates why two people might not cooperate even if it is in both their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence payoffs and gave it the â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† name (Poundstone, 1992). A classic example of the prisoner’s dilemma (PD) is presented as follows: Two suspects are arrested by the police. The police have insufficient evidence for a conviction, and, having separated the prisoners, visit each of them to offer the same deal. If one testifies for the prosecution against the other (defects) and the other remains silent (cooperates), the defector goes free and the silent accomplice receives the full one-year sentence. If both remain silent, both prisoners are sentenced to only one month in jail for a minor charge. If each betrays the other, each receives a three-month sentence. Each prisoner must choose to betray the other or to remain silent. Each one is assured that the other would not know about the betrayal before the end of the investigation. How should the prisoners act? If we assume that each player cares only about minimizing his or her own time in jail, then the prisoner’s dilemma forms a non-zero-sum game in which two players may each either cooperate with or defect from (betray) the other player. In this game, as in most game theory, the only concern of each individual player (prisoner) is maximizing his or her own payoff, without any concern for the other player’s payoff. The unique equilibrium for this game is a Pareto-suboptimal solution, that is, rational choice leads the two players to both play defect, even though each player’s individual reward would be greater if they both played cooperatively. In the classic form of this game, cooperating is strictly dominated by defecting, so that the only possible equilibrium for the game is for all players to defect. No matter what the other player does, one player will always gain a greater payoff by playing defect. Since in any situation playing defect is more beneficial than cooperating, all rational players will play defect, all things being equal. In the iterated prisoner’s dilemma, the game is played repeatedly. Thus each player has an opportunity to punish the other player for previous non-cooperative play. If the number of steps is known by both players in advance, economic theory says that the two players should defect again and again, no matter how many times the game is played. Only when the players play an indefinite or random number of times can cooperation be an equilibrium (technically a subgame perfect equilibrium), meaning that both players defecting always remains an equilibrium and there are many other equilibrium outcomes. In this case, the incentive to defect can be overcome by the threat of punishment. In casual usage, the label â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games, for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation. Strategy for the classic prisoner’s dilemma The classical prisoner’s dilemma can be summarized thus: Prisoner B stays silent (cooperates) Prisoner B confesses (defects) Prisoner A stays silent (cooperates) Each serves 1 month Prisoner A: 1 year Prisoner B: goes free Prisoner A confesses (defects) Prisoner A: goes free Prisoner B: 1 year Each serves 3 months Imagine you are player A. If player B decides to stay silent about committing the crime then you are better off confessing, because then you will get off free. Similarly, if player B confesses then you will be better off confessing, since then you get a sentence of 3 months rather than a sentence of 1 year. From this point of view, regardless of what player B does, as player A you are better off confessing. One says that confessing (defecting) is the dominant strategy. As Prisoner A, you can accurately say, â€Å"No matter what Prisoner B does, I personally am better off confessing than staying silent. Therefore, for my own sake, I should confess.† However, if the other player acts similarly then you both confess and both get a worse sentence than you would have gotten by both staying silent. That is, the seemingly rational self-interested decisions lead to worse sentences—hence the seeming dilemma. In game theory, this demonstrates that in a non-zero-sum game a Nash equilibrium need not be a Pareto optimum. Although they are not permitted to communicate, if the prisoners trust each other then they can both rationally choose to remain silent, lessening the penalty for both of them. We can expose the skeleton of the game by stripping it of the prisoner framing device. The generalized form of the game has been used frequently in experimental economics. The following rules give a typical realization of the game. There are two players and a banker. Each player holds a set of two cards, one printed with the word â€Å"Cooperate† (as in, with each other), the other printed with â€Å"Defect† (the standard terminology for the game). Each player puts one card face-down in front of the banker. By laying them face down, the possibility of a player knowing the other player’s selection in advance is eliminated (although revealing one’s move does not affect the dominance analysis[1]). At the end of the turn, the banker turns over both cards and gives out the payments accordingly. Given two players, â€Å"red† and â€Å"blue†: if the red player defects and the blue player cooperates, the red player gets the Temptation to Defect payoff of 5 points while the blue player receives the Sucker’s payoff of 0 points. If both cooperate they get the Reward for Mutual Cooperation payoff of 3 points each, while if they both defect they get the Punishment for Mutual Defection payoff of 1 point. The checker board payoff matrix showing the payoffs is given below. These point assignments are given arbitrarily for illustration. It is possible to generalize them, as follows: Canonical PD payoff matrix Cooperate Defect Cooperate R, R S, T Defect T, S P, PWhere T stands for Temptation to defect, R for Reward for mutual cooperation, P for Punishment for mutual defection and S for Sucker’s payoff. To be defined as prisoner’s dilemma, the following inequalities must hold: T > R > P > S This condition ensures that the equilibrium outcome is defection, but that cooperation Pareto dominates equilibrium play. In addition to the above condition, if the game is repeatedly played by two players, the following condition should be added.[2] 2 R > T + S If that condition does not hold, then full cooperation is not necessarily Pareto optimal, as the players are collectively better off by having each player alternate between Cooperate and Defect. These rules were established by cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter and form the formal canonical description of a typical game of prisoner’s dilemma. A simple special case occurs when the advantage of defection over cooperation is independent of what the co-player does and cost of the co-player’s defection is independent of one’s own action, i.e. T+S = P+R. The iterated prisoner’s dilemma If two players play prisoner’s dilemma more than once in succession and they remember previous actions of their opponent and change their strategy accordingly, the game is called iterated prisoner’s dilemma. The iterated prisoner’s dilemma game is fundamental to certain theories of human cooperation and trust. On the assumption that the game can model transactions between two people requiring trust, cooperative behaviour in populations may be modelled by a multi-player, iterated, version of the game. It has, consequently, fascinated many scholars over the years. In 1975, Grofman and Pool estimated the count of scholarly articles devoted to it at over 2,000. The iterated prisoner’s dilemma has also been referred to as the â€Å"Peace-War game†. If the game is played exactly N times and both players know this, then it is always game theoretically optimal to defect in all rounds. The only possible Nash equilibrium is to always defect. The proof is inductive: one might as well defect on the last turn, since the opponent will not have a chance to punish the player. Therefore, both will defect on the last turn. Thus, the player might as well defect on the second-to-last turn, since the opponent will defect on the last no matter what is done, and so on. The same applies if the game length is unknown but has a known upper limit. Unlike the standard prisoner’s dilemma, in the iterated prisoner’s dilemma the defection strategy is counterintuitive and fails badly to predict the behavior of human players. Within standard economic theory, though, this is the only correct answer. The superrational strategy in the iterated prisoners dilemma with fixed N is to cooperate against a superrational opponent, and in the limit of large N, experimental results on strategies agree with the superrational version, not the game-theoretic rational one. For cooperation to emerge between game theoretic rational players, the total number of rounds N must be random, or at least unknown to the players. In this case always defect may no longer be a strictly dominant strategy, only a Nash equilibrium. Amongst results shown by Nobel Prize winner Robert Aumann in his 1959 paper, rational players repeatedly interacting for indefinitely long games can sustain the cooperative outcome.